The references page comes on the page after the paper’s text. References are materials and resources that contain information cited in an essay. The reference list is presented immediately after the last page of the paper\u2019s body (Purdue Writing Lab, n.d.). It should be easy for a reader to locate all sources a writer has cited. APA 7 Publication Manual<\/a> contains a range of reference examples, including books, journal articles, government websites, magazines, blog posts, book chapters, personal communications, press releases, images, and online media (APA, 2021).<\/p>\n The label \u201cReferences\u201d (without quotation marks) heads the references page. This label is written in boldface and is centered at the top of the references page.<\/p>\n Arrange reference entries in ascending alphabetical order based on each entry\u2019s first author\u2019s surname. If multiple sources have an equal alphabetical hierarchy, they should be listed in ascending chronological order (i.e., from the oldest to the newest).<\/p>\n APA 7 references should use hanging indentation<\/a>. A reference\u2019s first line should be indented just like the second and subsequent lines of a paragraph in an APA 7 paper\u2019s text (i.e., one inch from the paper\u2019s left margin). Subsequent lines of the reference should be indented one and a half inches from the left margin, just like the first line of a paragraph in an APA 7 paper\u2019s text.<\/p>\n Text in the references page, much like the text in the rest of an APA 7 paper, should be double spaced<\/a>. Spaces between lines in a single reference and spaces between adjacent references should be double.<\/p>\n Just like URLs, which begin with https:\/\/, (e.g., https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/blog\/publisher-locations-in-book-references), the recommended DOI format in APA 7 is:<\/p>\n https:\/\/doi.org\/xxxxx<\/p>\n In older formats, the DOI number was preceded by \u201cdoi:\u201d or \u201cDOI:\u201d<\/p>\n In other cases, it was preceded by http:\/dx.doi.org\/<\/p>\n This is no longer the case in APA 7. Look at the templates below:<\/p>\n APA 6<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Surname 1, Initials., Surname 2, Initials., Surname 3, Initials., Surname 4, Initials., Surname 5, Initials., Surname 6, Initials., & Surname 7, Initials. (Year). Journal article title: Written in sentence case. Journal Name Written in\u00a0 Title Case and Italicized<\/em>, Volume Number<\/em>(Issue Number), Page Number(s). DOI starting with doi:xxxxx<\/p>\n APA 7<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Surname 1, Initials., Surname 2, Initials., Surname 3, Initials., Surname 4, Initials., Surname 5, Initials., Surname 6, Initials., & Surname 7, Initials. (Year). Journal article title: Written in sentence case. Journal Name Written in\u00a0 Title Case and Italicized<\/em>, Volume Number<\/em>(Issue Number), Page Number(s). DOI starting with https:\/\/doi.org\/xxxxx<\/p>\n DOIs are static, while URLs are not. A URL will change if there is a change in website content, such as editing, updating, or moving. Websites use stable URLs, known as permalinks, to avoid changes in URLs. Contrarily, DOIs do not change once assigned.<\/p>\n The DOIs do not have punctuation at their end from the above examples. This applies to URLs, too. Adding a punctuation mark (e.g., a period) at the end of a DOI or URL may render the link dysfunctional. \u00a0Hence, avoid periods at the end of DOIs or URLs.<\/a> Also, do not alter a DOI or URL\u2019s spelling, capitalization, punctuation, or any other element.<\/p>\n APA Style requires authors to use DOIs or URLs<\/a> as much as possible when citing digital content. URLs are used when DOIs are unavailable. You should also use them if a citation style requires so.<\/p>\n Tips for when and when not to use DOIs and URLs<\/a><\/p>\n Use the Year, Month Date format when presenting publication dates in an APA 7 paper\u2019s entries. For some references, such as webpage references<\/a> and YouTube videos<\/a>, you should provide the full date the webpage article or YouTube video was posted. For others, such as books, you should only provide the year the book was published.<\/p>\n For example, J. David Goodman:<\/p>\n Write the surname and the author\u2019s initials.<\/p>\n Goodman, J. D. (2020, October 16). New York City fights covid-19 block by block: Scattershot approach to avert full closure. The New York Times<\/em>, CLXX<\/em>(58,848), A1, A8.<\/p>\n For example, Erik A Levinsohn and Kevin P Hill:<\/p>\n Write the surnames and initials. Do not use the conjunction \u2018\u2018and.\u2019\u2019 Instead, use the ampersand symbol (&).<\/p>\n Levinsohn, E. A., & Hill, K. P. (2020). Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the United States.\u00a0Journal of the Neurological Sciences<\/em>,\u00a0411<\/em>, 116717.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116717<\/span><\/p>\n Use commas to separate the authors\u2019 names. The symbol ”&” precedes the final author’s surname. This reference template in Bibliography Makers’ guide<\/a> illustrates how to format the author element in a source with between three and 20 authors.<\/p>\n List by surnames and initials. Use commas to set apart the author names. There should be no more than 20 authors<\/a> listed.<\/p>\n If the author\u2019s first name has a hyphen (e.g., Liu-Xiu and Chao-Ran), do not present the name\u2019s initials separately (as if the name represents two separate names). Use a hyphen and not a space between the initials of the two names in the hyphenated first name. For a first name such as Liu-Xiu, use the format \u201cL.-X.\u201d (without quotation marks).<\/p>\n Below is an example of a source whose authors have hyphenated first names except for the last author (i.e., Liu-Xiu Yang, Chao-Ran Li, and Wen Gao).<\/p>\n Yang, L.-X, Li, C.-R, & Gao, W. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak \u2013 an update on the status. Military Medical Research<\/em>,\u00a07<\/em>(1).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-020-00240-0<\/span><\/p>\n Generally, the title element<\/a> of an APA 7 reference should follow the principles outlined below:<\/p>\n This refers to a source that is part of a larger volume of work.<\/p>\n Use sentence case<\/a> and do not italicize the title element. Examples of title elements that fall in this category include the title of a:<\/p>\n Use sentence case<\/a> and italicize<\/em> the title. Examples of titles that fall in this category include:<\/p>\n When writing in sentence case, capitalize the first letter of the following components in the title element:<\/p>\n Write all other letters in lowercase.<\/p>\n When writing in Title Case<\/a>, write all letters in the title element in lowercase except for the first letter of:<\/p>\n For additional information on formatting the title element of a source in the references list of an APA 7 paper, please read the Title section<\/a> of the APAStyle.org webpage that describes the four elements<\/a> of an APA 7 reference.<\/p>\n References<\/strong><\/p>\n American Psychological Association. (2021). Reference examples<\/em>. https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/style-grammar-guidelines\/references\/examples<\/a><\/p>\nFormatting the \u2018References\u2019 Label in the References Page<\/h3>\n
Order of References<\/h3>\n
Hanging Indents<\/h3>\n
Double Spacing References<\/h3>\n
DOIs and URLs in the References Page<\/h3>\n
What Does APA 7 Recommend?<\/h4>\n
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Formatting Publication Dates<\/h3>\n
Author Element Format<\/h2>\n
Single Author<\/h3>\n
Two Authors<\/h3>\n
Three to 20 Authors<\/h3>\n
Twenty Authors or More<\/h3>\n
Rules for Writing Hyphenated First Names<\/h2>\n
Format of the Title Element<\/h2>\n
For a source that does not stand alone<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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For a stand-alone work: <\/strong><\/h3>\n
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